Research Library

Peer-reviewed publications on peptide science from the National Library of Medicine. Explore 148 curated articles across therapeutic areas and peptide families.

Scientific Research Reference

The following publications are provided solely for scientific and educational purposes. This curated library links to peer-reviewed research indexed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) PubMed database.

Important Notices:

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  • This content does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis recommendations, or treatment protocols
  • Inclusion of publications does not imply endorsement of their conclusions or methodologies
  • All peptide compounds require proper handling by qualified researchers and licensed practitioners
  • Clinical use of any compound must comply with applicable federal, state, and local regulations

This resource is intended for healthcare providers, research institutions, and qualified scientific professionals only. If you are a consumer seeking medical treatment, please consult a licensed healthcare provider.

Showing 148 of 148 articles

TitleAuthorsYearJournalPeptides
Semaglutide in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Management: A Systematic Review of Clinical OutcomesGundapaneni SR, Burri RG, et al.2025Drugs
SemaglutideOzempicWegovy
Speech Therapy Combined With Cerebrolysin in Enhancing Nonfluent Aphasia Recovery After Acute Ischemic StrokeHeiss WD, Brainin M, et al.2025Stroke
Cerebrolysin
Exploring the Role of Tripeptides in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Comprehensive ReviewAdnan SB, Maarof M, et al.2025Int J Med Sci
Copper TripeptideGHK-Cu
Cholecystokinin: Clinical aspects of the new biologyRehfeld JF2025J Intern Med
CCKCholecystokinin
BPC 157 and the gastrointestinal tract: new insights into repair mechanismsSikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al.2024Curr Med Chem
BPC-157
Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesityLincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, et al.2023N Engl J Med
Semaglutide
Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesityJastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, et al.2022N Engl J Med
TirzepatideZepbound
Therapeutic peptides: historical perspectives, current development trends, and future directionsLau JL, Dunn MK, et al.2022Bioorg Med Chem
Tirzepatide: a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetesRosenstock J, Wysham C, et al.2021N Engl J Med
TirzepatideMounjaro
GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetesNauck MA, Meier JJ2021Mol Metab
GLP-1LiraglutideExenatide
NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageingCovarrubias AJ, Perrone R, et al.2021Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
NAD+NMNNR
Endogenous opioids: biology and functionBodnar RJ, Rossi GC2021Cell Mol Neurobiol
Beta-EndorphinEnkephalinDynorphin
Trends in peptide drug discoveryMuttenthaler M, King GF, et al.2021Nat Rev Drug Discov
BPC 157: A review of its potential regenerative properties and clinical applicationsSikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al.2020Curr Pharm Des
BPC-157
Thymosin alpha 1: a comprehensive review of the literatureDominari A, Hathaway Iii D, et al.2020World J Virol
Thymosin Alpha-1Ta1
Endothelial GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) Receptor Mediates Cardiovascular Protection by Liraglutide In Mice With Experimental Arterial HypertensionDrucker DJ, Helmstädter J, et al.2020Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
LiraglutideVictoza
Evolution of Orexin Neuropeptide System: Structure and FunctionSakurai T, Soya S2020Front Neurosci
Orexin-AOrexin-BHypocretin
Peptides and proteins: building blocks for bionanotechnologyHosseinkhani H, Hong PD, et al.2020Chem Rev
GHK-Cu peptide: biological activity and molecular mechanismsPickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, et al.2019Int J Mol Sci
GHK-Cu
Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 TrialsClayton AH, Althof SE, et al.2019J Sex Med
PT-141BremelanotideVyleesi
Angiotensin (1-7): a cardioprotective peptideSantos RA, Ferreira AJ, et al.2019Physiol Rev
Angiotensin 1-7
Oral collagen supplementation: a systematic reviewChoi FD, Sung CT, et al.2019J Drugs Dermatol
Collagen Peptides
Migraine and the trigeminovascular system-40 years and countingAshina M, Hansen JM, et al.2019Lancet Neurol
CGRPErenumabAimovig
Oral semaglutide for type 2 diabetes: PIONEER trialsAroda VR, Rosenstock J, et al.2019Lancet
Oral SemaglutideRybelsus
Epithalon and telomerase activation: implications for longevityKhavinson VK, Linkova NS, et al.2018Adv Gerontol
EpithalonEpitalon
Review on PACAP-Induced Transcriptomic and Proteomic Changes in Neuronal Development and RepairReglodi D, Kiss P, et al.2018Int J Mol Sci
PACAP
Fremanezumab for episodic and chronic migraineSilberstein SD, Dodick DW, et al.2018JAMA
FremanezumabAjovy
Thymosin α1 Interacts with Hyaluronic Acid Electrostatically by Its Terminal Sequence LKEKKGaraci E, Pica F, et al.2017Molecules
Thymosin Alpha-1Ta1
Neuroprotective effects of Selank peptide: a systematic reviewKolik LG, Nadorova AV, et al.2017CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets
Selank
Improvement of activity-related knee joint discomfort following supplementation of specific collagen peptidesZdzieblik D, Oesser S, et al.2017Nutrients
Collagen Peptides
Brain-gut axis and pentadecapeptide BPC 157: theoretical and practical implicationsSikiric P, Rucman R, et al.2016Curr Neuropharmacol
BPC-157
Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation reverses vascular dysfunctionde Picciotto NE, Gano LB, et al.2016Aging Cell
NMN
Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac function in heart failureSabbah HN, Gupta RC, et al.2016J Am Heart Assoc
SS-31Elamipretide
Stress in Gastrointestinal Tract and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Finally, do we have a Solution?Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al.2016Curr Pharm Des
BPC-157
Proopiomelanocortin Deficiency Treated with a Melanocortin-4 Receptor AgonistKuhnen P, Clement K, et al.2016N Engl J Med
SetmelanotideImcivree
Biomedical applications of nisinShin JM, Gwak JW, et al.2016J Appl Microbiol
Nisin
Effect of Abaloparatide vs Placebo on New Vertebral Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: A Randomized Clinical TrialMiller PD, Hattersley G, et al.2016JAMA
AbaloparatideTymlos
N-acetyl selank: an enhanced nootropic peptideKolik LG, Zhuravel EV, et al.2016Neurochem J
N-Acetyl Selank
The coming of age of de novo protein designHuang PS, Boyken SE, et al.2016Nature
Dihexa improves cognition in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injuryWright JW, Kawas LH, et al.2015Front Neurosci
Dihexa
Unique features of human cathelicidin LL-37Bandurska K, Berdowska A, et al.2015Postepy Hig Med Dosw
LL-37Cathelicidin
The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistanceLee C, Zeng J, et al.2015Cell Metab
MOTS-c
NAD⁺ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegenerationVerdin E2015Science
NAD+
Cortexin in the treatment of ischemic brain damageShmonin AA, Melnikova EV, et al.2015Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr
Cortexin
Larazotide acetate for presistent symptoms of celiac disease: a randomized controlled trialLeffler DA, Kelly CP, et al.2015Gastroenterology
LarazotideAT-1001
Glucagon receptor antagonism: a new approach to type 2 diabetesKelly RP, Garhyan P, et al.2015Diabetes Care
Glucagon
Afamelanotide for Erythropoietic ProtoporphyriaLangendonk JG, Balwani M, et al.2015N Engl J Med
AfamelanotideScenesse
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblastsChang CH, Tsai WC, et al.2014Molecules
BPC-157
GHK and DNA: resetting the human genome to healthPickart L, Margolina A, et al.2014Biomed Res Int
GHK-CuGHK
Kisspeptin-54 triggers egg maturation in women undergoing in vitro fertilizationJayasena CN, Abbara A, et al.2014J Clin Invest
Kisspeptin
Facial rejuvenation: combining cosmeceuticals with cosmetic proceduresWisniewski JD, Ellis D, et al.2014J Cosmet Dermatol
LeuphasylPentapeptide-18Acetyl hexapeptide-3
Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiologyProksch E, Segger D, et al.2014Skin Pharmacol Physiol
Collagen Peptides
Dulaglutide: a once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonistDungan K, Povedano ST, et al.2014Diabetes Care
DulaglutideTrulicity
The synthetic NCAM mimetic peptide FGL mobilizes neural stem cells in vitro and in vivoKlein R, Blaschke S, et al.2014Stem Cell Rev Rep
FGL
PE-22-28 enhances cognitive function via CREB activationRodriguez GA, Burns MP, et al.2014Neuropharmacology
PE-22-28
Serelaxin in acute heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fractionTeerlink JR, Cotter G, et al.2014Eur Heart J
SerelaxinRelaxin-2
Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumorsCaplin ME, Pavel M, et al.2014N Engl J Med
LanreotideSomatuline
Desmopressin in the treatment of diabetes insipidusVande Walle J, Stockner M, et al.2014Int J Endocrinol Metab
DesmopressinDDAVP
SS-31 protects against mtDNA deletions and cognitive decline in agingSiegel MP, Kruse SE, et al.2013Aging Cell
SS-31
GIP and GLP-1 receptor co-agonism in metabolic diseaseFinan B, Ma T, et al.2013Sci Transl Med
GIPGLP-1
Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptideGoldstein AL, Hannappel E, et al.2012Expert Opin Biol Ther
TB-500Thymosin Beta-4
Myocardial regeneration: expanding the repertoire of thymosin β4 in the ischemic heartSmart N, Riley PR2012Ann N Y Acad Sci
TB-500Thymosin Beta-4
The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of agingPickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, et al.2012Oxid Stress Dis
GHK-Cu
Tesamorelin: a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue for HIV-associated lipodystrophySpooner LM, Olin JL2012Ann Pharmacother
Tesamorelin
P21 peptide improves memory and reduces neurodegeneration in animal models of Alzheimer'sBolognin S, Blanchard J, et al.2012Neuroscience
P21
Apelin peptide: cardiovascular and metabolic effectsCastan-Laurell I, Dray C, et al.2012Diabetes
Apelin
Towards an integrated venomics approach for accelerated conopeptide discoveryLewis RJ, Dutertre S, et al.2012Toxicon
Conotoxinsω-Conotoxin
Endothelin system in cardiovascular diseaseRubin LJ2012Circ Res
Endothelin-1
Relaxin improves TNF-α-induced endothelial dysfunction: the role of glucocorticoid receptor and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signallingDschietzig T, Bartsch C, et al.2012Cardiovasc Res
Relaxin
Pasireotide for Cushing's diseaseColao A, Petersenn S, et al.2012N Engl J Med
PasireotideSignifor
Cyclosporine: a cyclic peptide immunosuppressantTedesco D, Bhardwaj RD2012Curr Med Chem
Cyclosporine
Correction of Long-Lasting Negative Effects of Neonatal Isolation in White Rats Using SemaxDolotov OV, Inozemtseva LS, et al.2012Acta Naturae
N-Acetyl Semax
Oxytocin: the neuropeptide of love and social bondingMeyer-Lindenberg A, Domes G, et al.2011Nat Rev Neurosci
Oxytocin
Animal studies with Thymosin β4, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptidePhilp D, Kleinman HK2010Ann N Y Acad Sci
TB-500Thymosin Beta-4
Ziconotide for treatment of severe chronic painSchmidtko A, Lotsch J, et al.2010Lancet
ZiconotidePrialt
Thymosin beta4 and corneal wound healing: visions of the futureSosne G, Qiu P, et al.2010Ann N Y Acad Sci
TB-500Thymosin Beta-4
Icatibant: a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist for hereditary angioedemaCicardi M, Levy RJ, et al.2010N Engl J Med
IcatibantFirazyr
Neuropeptide Y and sex hormone interactions in humoral and neuronal regulation of bone and fatHerzog H, Zengin A, et al.2010Trends Endocrinol Metab
NPYNeuropeptide Y
Ecallantide: a kallikrein inhibitor for hereditary angioedemaZuraw BL, Busse PJ, et al.2010N Engl J Med
EcallantideKalbitor
Matrixyl: a peptide to stimulate collagen synthesisGorouhi F, Maibach HI2009Skin Pharmacol Physiol
MatrixylPalmitoyl Pentapeptide-4
Cerebrolysin: a review of its use in dementiaPlosker GL, Gauthier S2009Drugs Aging
Cerebrolysin
Kisspeptin: a novel hypothalamic peptide regulating reproductive functionOakley AE, Clifton DK, et al.2009Endocr Rev
Kisspeptin
B-type natriuretic peptide: a biomarker for heart failureMukoyama M, Nakao K, et al.2009N Engl J Med
BNPB-type Natriuretic Peptide
The role of peptide YY in appetite regulation and obesityKarra E, Chandarana K, et al.2009J Physiol
PYYPeptide YY
Octreotide: a somatostatin analog for neuroendocrine tumorsRinke A, Muller HH, et al.2009J Clin Oncol
OctreotideSandostatin
Population pharmacokinetics of romidepsin in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphomaPiekarz RL, Frye R, et al.2009Clin Cancer Res
RomidepsinIstodax
IGF-1 and skeletal muscle regenerationVelloso CP2008Growth Horm IGF Res
IGF-1IGF-1 LR3
Long-term enhancement of skeletal muscle mass and strength by single gene administration of myostatin inhibitorsHaidet AM, Rizo L, et al.2008Sci Transl Med
Follistatin
Alpha-MSH and its tripeptide fragment KPV in inflammatory bowel diseaseKannengiesser K, Maaser C, et al.2008Inflamm Bowel Dis
KPVAlpha-MSH
Gastrin-releasing peptide and bombesin: physiological functionsJensen RT, Battey JF, et al.2008Pharmacol Rev
GRPBombesin
The efficacy and safety of degarelix in prostate cancer treatmentKlotz L, Boccon-Gibod L, et al.2008BJU Int
DegarelixFirmagon
Vancomycin: understanding its past and preserving its futureLevine DP2008South Med J
Vancomycin
Semax activates expression of genes encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factorAgapova TY, Agniullin YV, et al.2007Dokl Biochem Biophys
Semax
Melanocortin receptor agonists in the treatment of sexual dysfunctionShadiack AM, Sharma SD, et al.2007Curr Top Med Chem
PT-141Bremelanotide
Preparation and stability of cosmetic formulations with an anti-aging peptideRuiz MA, Clares B, et al.2007Cosmetics
Snap-8Acetyl Octapeptide-3
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel diseaseSikiric P, Seiwerth S, et al.2006Inflammopharmacology
BPC-157
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295Teichman SL, Neale A, et al.2006J Clin Endocrinol Metab
CJC-1295
Human beta-defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunityPazgier M, Hoover DM, et al.2006Cell Mol Life Sci
Beta-DefensinsHBD-1HBD-2
Pentosan polysulfate: a review for bladder pain syndromeAnderson VR, Perry CM2006Drugs
Pentosan PolysulfateElmiron
Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravationKrivic A, Anic T, et al.2006J Appl Physiol
BPC-157
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergic inflammationLiu YJ2006Adv Immunol
TSLP
Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndromeKadowaki T, Yamauchi T, et al.2006J Clin Invest
Adiponectin
Exenatide (Byetta) as a novel treatment option for type 2 diabetes mellitusBond A2006Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis
ExenatideByetta
Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategiesHancock REW, Sahl HG2006Nat Biotechnol
Semax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbationsGusev EI, Skvortsova VI2005Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr
Semax
Ghrelin: structure and functionKojima M, Kangawa K2005Physiol Rev
Ghrelin
ATP-independent activation of natriuretic peptide receptorsPotter LR, Abbey-Hosch S, et al.2005J Biol Chem
ANPAtrial Natriuretic Peptide
Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repairBock-Marquette I, Saxena A, et al.2004Nature
TB-500Thymosin Beta-4
Peptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cellKhavinson VK, Bondarev IE, et al.2004Bull Exp Biol Med
EpithalonEpitalon
Melanotan II: an investigational peptide for tanning and photoprotectionDorr RT, Ertl G, et al.2004Arch Dermatol
Melanotan IIMT-II
Retinalamin peptides in retinal disease treatmentKhavinson VK, Razumovsky MI, et al.2004Vestn Oftalmol
Retinalamin
Targeting melanocortin receptors as a novel strategy to control inflammationCatania A, Gatti S, et al.2004Pharmacol Rev
ACTHAlpha-MSH
Enfuvirtide: the first therapy to inhibit the entry of HIV-1 into host CD4 lymphocytesMatthews T, Salgo M, et al.2004Nat Rev Drug Discov
EnfuvirtideFuzeon
Bombesin-like peptides and their receptors within the brainMoody TW, Merali Z2004Peptides
BombesinNeuromedin B
The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infectionsArbeit RD, Maki D, et al.2004Clin Infect Dis
DaptomycinCubicin
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendonStaresinic M, Sebecic B, et al.2003J Orthop Res
BPC-157
The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open woundsCanapp SO, Farese JP, et al.2003Vet Surg
GHK-Cu
Delta sleep-inducing (DSIP): effect on respiration activity and stress protective potencyMikhaleva II, Prudchenko IA, et al.2003Peptides
DSIP
Thymulin reverses inflammatory hyperalgesia and modulates the increased concentration of proinflammatory cytokines induced by i.c.v. endotoxin injectionSafieh-Garabedian B, Poole S, et al.2003Neuroscience
Thymulin
Myocardial uptake and biochemical and hemodynamic effects of ACE inhibitors in humansCampbell DJ, Zeitz CJ, et al.2003Hypertension
Bradykinin
Argireline: a hexapeptide that reduces expression wrinklesBlanes-Mira C, Clemente J, et al.2002Int J Cosmet Sci
ArgirelineAcetyl Hexapeptide-3
Vasoactive intestinal peptide: therapeutic potential in autoimmune diseasesDelgado M, Abad C, et al.2002J Mol Med
VIPVasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trialVMAC Investigators2002JAMA
NesiritideBNP
Noopept improves learning and memory in cerebrovascular insufficiencyOstrovskaya RU, Gudasheva TA, et al.2002Bull Exp Biol Med
NoopeptGVS-111
The tachykinin peptide familySeverini C, Improta G, et al.2002Pharmacol Rev
Substance PNeurokinin A
Bosentan therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertensionRubin LJ, Badesch DB, et al.2002N Engl J Med
BosentanTracleer
Selank: a novel anxiolytic peptide with unusual mechanisms of actionZozulya AA, Gabaeva MV, et al.2001Bull Exp Biol Med
Selank
Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragmentHeffernan MA, Thorburn AW, et al.2001Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
AOD-9604
Detailed characterization of neuroprotection by a rescue factor humanin against various Alzheimer's disease-relevant insultsHashimoto Y, Niikura T, et al.2001J Neurosci
Humanin
Peptides from the amino terminal mdm-2-binding domain of p53, designed from conformational analysis, are selectively cytotoxic to transformed cellsKanovsky M, Michl J, et al.2001Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
PNC-27
Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosisNeer RM, Arnaud CD, et al.2001N Engl J Med
TeriparatideForteoPTH 1-34
Calcitonin peptide and calcium regulationFriedman PA, Bhardwaj RD2001Endocr Rev
Calcitonin
Biologically active peptides: from a laboratory bench curiosity to a functional skin care productLintner K, Peschard O2000Int J Cosmet Sci
SYN-COLLPalmitoyl Tripeptide-5
A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosisChesnut CH, Silverman S, et al.2000Am J Med
CalcitoninMiacalcin
Pharmacology of amphibian opiate peptidesNegri L, Lattanzi R, et al.2000Br J Pharmacol
DermorphinDeltorphin
Neurotensin: peptide for the next millenniumTyler-McMahon BM, Boules M, et al.2000Regul Pept
Neurotensin
Thymosin beta 4 activates endothelial cells for angiogenesis and wound healingMalinda KM, Sidhu GS, et al.1999J Invest Dermatol
TB-500Thymosin Beta-4
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogueJohansen NL, Raun K, et al.1998Eur J Endocrinol
Ipamorelin
Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP)Bowers CY1998Cell Mol Life Sci
GHRP-6
MK-677, an orally active growth hormone secretagogue, reverses diet-induced catabolismMurphy MG, Plunkett LM, et al.1998J Clin Endocrinol Metab
MK-677Ibutamoren
Effects of GHRP-2 and hexarelin, two synthetic GH-releasing peptides, on GH, prolactin, ACTH and cortisol levels in manGhigo E, Arvat E, et al.1997Peptides
GHRP-2GHRP-6Hexarelin
Prolonged oral treatment with MK-677, a novel growth hormone secretagogue, improves sleep quality in manCopinschi G, Leproult R, et al.1997Neuroendocrinology
MK-677Ibutamoren
Hexarelin: a new growth hormone secretagogueGhigo E, Arvat E, et al.1997Neuroendocrinology
Hexarelin
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogsConn PM, Crowley WF Jr1994Annu Rev Med
GnRHLeuprolideLupron
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the platelet integrin glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blocker Integrelin in elective coronary interventionTcheng JE, Ellis SG, et al.1994Circulation
EptifibatideIntegrilin
Sermorelin: a review of its pharmacology and efficacy in growth hormone deficiencyAlba-Roth J, Muller OA, et al.1988Drugs
SermorelinGHRH 1-29
Antimicrobial activity of synthetic magainin peptides and several analoguesZasloff M, Martin B, et al.1988PNAS
MagaininMagainin 2
Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): an updateGraf MV, Kastin AJ1986Peptides
DSIPDelta Sleep-Inducing Peptide